Odysseys of George

As life cruises along; vita non est vivere sed valere

Browsing Posts published in February, 2007

Death do ye fear?

17 comments

I have always asked myself this question. Being in the medical field, death is almost an everyday event and initially it hits the soul but eventually one feels a little numb to death. Another favourite question that frequently crops up is how would one prefer to die – a swift death, a chronic illness leading to death, a painful death or a silent-in-your-sleep-kind of death? Can one confidently say that he is ready for death and he fears not death?

It was more than year ago, when my sister’s husband was diagnosed as early lung cancer. He was marathon runner and was in disbelieve with the diagnosis despite having smoking as a strong risk factor. Upon realising his rejection to treatment, I tried talking to him to change his decision. In that particular conversation, he mentioned that he is prepared to face death. The months past fast and barely 6 months later, he was already cachetic and could barely walk. He was in severe pain and was having stridor and a change in voice. The cancer had grown five times its size and has spread. He needed a tracheostomy and was fed through a nasogastric tube. The pain was crippling and despite the medications, it only made him weaker. It was then, I saw fear in his face. I gather he saw flashes of his life and suddenly he felt he was not ready for death. Fear was gripping him and he was fighting, and with every fight, he grew weaker. I motioned to him that all was fine but he had many unsettled things. He however managed to lay them out for my sister, before he gave his last breath with my sister beside him.

Another friend of mine, a doctor, whose father fell ill with a stroke. It was a lethal stroke that would render many dead. His father however, was now intubated and ventilated. Knowing the risk and prognosis involved, he calmed himself and put on courageous front. He told me that he was ready for the worst. The worst being death. Sepsis flared through his fathers veins from a chest infection as he continued to deteriorate. He kept watch over his father, but when he saw his colleagues doing the cardiac massage and the news of death conveyed, he fell to the floor and wept. He plunged into depression. It took him more than six months to just come to terms and then he said, ” No one is ever prepared for death”

Strangely though, I have come across many who request to be killed by lethal injection. Just three weeks ago, a chinese gentleman in his late 40s presented to us with profuse bleeding per rectum. He was unstable and was confused. A upper endoscopy was clean and I proceeded to perform colonoscopy. As I was positioning him, he gestured to me three times to give him an injection to put him out. The colonoscopy was not complete as it was dark and filled with thick blood. That night we actively resuscitated him and rescoped him the coming morning. He bled again in the wee hours of the morning. This time the scope was better. What I thought I saw in darkness, was correct. He had multiple colonic ulcer for which I treated endoscopically. Even then, he took the oppurtunity to once again inform his wishes for death. All this while, I flatly refused him. The following day, the bleeding had stopped and he appeared much better. I told him about his wishes, and he says he would not regret dying!

Another patient, was admitted during my internship for intestinal obstruction from an external hernia. Upon giving some anlagesics and sedation, his hernia resolved and his plan for surgery was cancelled. This is the fourth time he was faced with such a situation. He bravely told us , ” Uncle is very old, dying is ok! My children are all big and independent and I have nothing more to achieve. I just cannot bear the pain if it occurs again and am willing to take risk of dying.” This caused the department to break into two groups, the patient’s men and the boss’s men. Obviously, the boss rule stands and we had to send him home with advice.

I leave this article with a poem from Khalil Gibran, and for myself, I am not ready for death but if it has to come then either let it come swiftly or quietly in the night.

On Death
Kahlil Gibran

You would know the secret of death.
But how shall you find it unless you seek it in the heart of life?
The owl whose night-bound eyes are blind unto the day cannot unveil the mystery of light.
If you would indeed behold the spirit of death, open your heart wide unto the body of life.
For life and death are one, even as the river and the sea are one.

In the depth of your hopes and desires lies your silent knowledge of the beyond;
And like seeds dreaming beneath the snow your heart dreams of spring.
Trust the dreams, for in them is hidden the gate to eternity.
Your fear of death is but the trembling of the shepherd when he stands before the king whose hand is to be laid upon him in honour.
Is the shepherd not joyful beneath his trembling, that he shall wear the mark of the king?
Yet is he not more mindful of his trembling?

For what is it to die but to stand naked in the wind and to melt into the sun?
And what is it to cease breathing, but to free the breath from its restless tides, that it may rise and expand and seek God unencumbered?

Only when you drink from the river of silence shall you indeed sing.
And when you have reached the mountain top, then you shall begin to climb.
And when the earth shall claim your limbs, then shall you truly dance.

Thalassemia and Diving

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I came across this question when I was browsing the Malaysian Diving Community forum, thus decided to write a little about it. I have to justify that I am not an expert in the field of haematology but just an aid to my fellow divers and bloggers.

rbc 1
The red blood cell is a component of the blood. These specialised cells are like flattened discs, which gives them a much greater surface area with which to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and with body cells.Red blood cells are able to carry oxygen so efficiently because of a special protein within it called haemoglobin which is also responsible for its colour.

Haemoglobin contains a haem group that has an iron atom at its centre. When the iron is bound to oxygen, the haem group is red in colour (oxyhameoglobin), and when it lacks oxygen (deoxygenated form) it is blue-red.

Haemoglobin is composed of four polypeptide chains, which in adults consist of two alpha (a) globin chains and two beta (b) globin chains. Each polypeptide has a haem prosthetic group attached, where each haem can bind one oxygen molecule – so there are four haem groups per haemoglobin molecule that together bind four oxygen molecules.

hb2

So, like all things in life, nothing is perfect. Abnormalities of these haemoglobin are called haemoglobinopathies. There many such haemoglobinopathies and among the popular ones are the thalassemia and the sickle cell disease.

They are different in that Thalassemia is due to defective or deficient production of the alpha(a) or beta(b) chain whereas Sickle Cell is due to the production of a mutant form of beta chain and is better known as HbS

However, they are similar in that they are genetic disorders and are passed down in a similar fashion. Some may even have both but this is more common among the African and Mediterranean population.
gen

Thalassaemia

From legends, Thalassa (“sea”) was a primordial sea goddess and she was the personification of the Mediterranean Sea, Haima is Greek for blood.
When the production of ? globin is deficient then it is called a thalassaemia, while in ? thalassemia the production of ? globin is defective.

The is a higher estimated prevalence among the Chinese and Malays in Malaysia and the commoner type is of beta thalassaemia which can present itself as either major, minor or intermedia. b-thalassaemia major means that the genetic mutations are more severe and causes one to require frequent blood transfusion whereas b-thalassaemia minor may live quite a normal life with just fatigue as their complaint. More often they may not even be aware of their condition.

Thalassemia major (Cooley anemia) is characterized by transfusion-dependent anemia, massive splenomegaly, bone deformities, growth retardation, and peculiar facies in untreated individuals, 80% of whom die within the first 5 years of life from complications of anemia.

Carriers of this condition have some degree of protection against malaria and have some protection against coronary heart disease.

Our famous Zidane is also a carrier. This comes to show that carriers would not generally have problems with vigorous activities and therefore diving is safe for them. However, a full edical screening is necessary. A peripheral blood film and an haemoglobin electrophoresis are essential apart from complete blood counts and iron studies.

As the saying goes, prevention is better than cure, successful prevention programs in different parts of the world have resulted in an impressive decline in the number of patients with severe forms of thalassemia. In addition to the effective prenatal diagnosis, other measures such as premarital screening programs, genetic counseling, and restrictions on issuing marriage certificates and licenses also proved to be effective.


Sickle Cell Anaemia

The abnormal b chain reduces the amount of oxygen inside the red blood cell, altering its shape, changing them from a flattened disc to a sickle or crescent shape. Sickle blood cells are hard, inflexible and tend to clump together, causing them to get stuck in blood vessels as blood clots, thereby blocking the flow of blood. This can cause pain, blood vessel damage and a low red blood cell count (anaemia).

The disease is chronic and lifelong. Individuals are most often well, but their lives are punctuated by periodic painful attacks. In addition to periodic pain, there may be damage of internal organs, such as stroke. Lifespan is often shortened with sufferers living to an average of 40 years.

Low oxygen concentration causes more red blood cells to sickle. Repeated episodes of sickling causes loss of this elasticity and the cells fail to return to normal shape when oxygen concentration increases. These rigid red blood cells are unable to flow through narrow capillaries, causing vessel occlusion and ischemia. Therefore, these group of patients are not recommended for diving.

Hazards of Smoking!

7 comments

As I was doing my ward rounds over the weekend, my intern came up to me to inform me of the latest admission to her unit of care.
” A man in his 40s was admitted yesterday. There was gas leak in his house as he could smell the gas eminating from the kitchen. He decided to check out the source but the only problem was he lit up a cigaratte to smoke! He blew up in flames!”

He looked dazed probably pondering as to the hazards of smoking! Luckily, his clothes did not lit up causing a clear demarcation of the exposed and unexposed areas.

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Radiology Grand Rounds 9

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This time the rounds is hosted by Dr Joe Anthony of cochinblogs. He has featured two cases, one of posterior cruciate ligament ganglion and the other a post of mine about perforated gastric ulcer.

Homer

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Thanks.

Sherman’s Birthday

9 comments

This is my sister’s son Sherman enjoying his toy with his sister!


Happy Birthday Sherman!

Anal Bleeds

5 comments

This gentleman presented with bleeding via his anus and felt like there was some swelling protruding out of his anus everytime he opens his bowels. Initial examination revealed this:

Picture 1

Then on further investigations, we found this:

Picture 2.1

Picture 2.2

Care to guess what picture 1 and picture 2 is about? Picture 1 is a common occurrence which many take for granted when one presents with bleeding from the anus. True enough apart from losing blood, this condition is almost never a threat for life. However, assumptions can be lethal as a significant number of them with Picture 1 might have an associated problem or pathology as for example in this patient in Picture 2.

The take home message – never assume that all is fine.

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